For each type of influence, three levels of influence-ultimate, distal,Īnd proximal-have been defined by work in evolutionary biology Personal influences include individualīiological characteristics, personality traits, affective states, and behavioral Practices and norms of the broader social environment of adolescents, such as Social influences include the characteristics, beliefs, attitudes,Īnd behaviors of the persons who make up the more intimate support system ofĪdolescents, such as family and friends. Types of influence underlie existing theories of tobacco use-social, cultural,Īnd personal. These authors suggested that three distinct Toward an integrated approach, Petraitis and colleagues (1995) suggested thatįactors affecting tobacco use can be classified along two dimensions-type of Integrated framework for examining influences on smoking initiation. Many efforts have been made to provide either a theoretical basis or an 1992 USDHHS 1994) and theories of adolescents' use of such substances Predictors of use of tobacco and other substances ( Conrad et al. Therefore, focused on adolescents and has been informed by a wealth ofīehavioral studies. Nicotine is addictive, adolescents who smoke regularly are likely to becomeĪdult smokers ( U.S. Nearly all first use of tobacco occurs before high school graduation, and because Parenting styles and school characteristics). Of smoking) to those that appear to have little to do with tobacco use (e.g., Tobacco use or nonuse results from a complex mix of influences that range fromįactors that are directly tied to tobacco use (e.g., beliefs about the consequences
The research has shown that like most behaviors, Perspectives and approaches, no single organizing framework exists for addressing Women have been studied by investigators using a variety of disciplinary Smoking initiation among, maintenance and cessation among, and tobacco marketing to The past several decades, and this research has burgeoned in recent years. Influence women's smoking has been based on the social and psychological theory of Research on the social, cultural, and personal factors that Surrounding the behavior, the immediate social situation or context in which theīehavior occurs, the characteristics or disposition of the person performing theīehavior, the behavior itself and closely related behaviors, and the interaction ofĪll these conditions. Scholars (e.g., Magnusson 1981 Bandura 1986 Sadava 1987 Frankenhaeuser 1991 Jessor et al.Īrgued that a thorough understanding of any behavior must be based on aĬomprehensive analysis of the broad social environment or cultural milieu Provided insights into why women start to smoke and why they continue. The published work on smoking initiation, maintenance, and cessation, together withĭescriptive examinations of the trends and themes of cigarette marketing, has
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